Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is prone to populist tendencies. However, it's healthier than one would expect.
The country is searching for a new development paradigm. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence the way we live. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era, the ancestors to modern Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild foods. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and produced furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools and later iron ones. They also traded with other countries and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan, as well as art styles and a written language and papermaking.
Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical where the monarch and other senior officials were from the aristocracy of the land, while the rest of its population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these people, and sometimes required them to join the army or to build fortifications.
At the end of the period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje included elements of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male centered filiopiety concept as a law in 1390 CE. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families and they must be revered and obeyed by everyone, even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 until 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth when it was pronounced. This significantly improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also refined. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements are evident in the form of stone-lined cist graves with precious goods such as amazonite jewellery being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, and made of single large stones, are widespread throughout the country.
Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. After that the peninsula was ruled by various states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians don't consider to be a legitimate Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all however, its dynasty ended with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea is entering a post-crisis period its development model appears to be changing. The people who are awed by the enormous cost of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand the people who support the old system seek to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments and by inflating fears about potential job losses.
Analysts and academics are divided about the extent to which Korea's growth is being driven by these two trends. This article assesses the latest developments by analyzing five phases of the country's political evolution that include illiberal democracy (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also identifies significant factors that may be influencing these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly a third of respondents didn't believe in evolution. Of those, 41% said that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents said it contradicted their religious beliefs. 17 percent said they did not comprehend it. This level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from earlier species of life.
In the past, most of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and leading them to Christ. A significant increase in interest in creation science came in the year 1980, following an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event was attended by an audience of scientists, professors, and church leaders.
The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31 1981. The inauguration event was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and attracted a lot of attention.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, which published its activities and also published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated a number of films and slides from ICR and several books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures at universities and churches throughout the country.
One example of a KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured funding to construct an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION that covers topics related to creation science. It also sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It also has a network of local branches that conduct seminars and give talks to children in schools and community groups.
에볼루션 슬롯게임 in South Korea
In the latter half of the 19th century and into the early the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from overseas. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this period, the famous samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, became loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and various musical instruments.
Korea's new development model is being developed in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to strike a balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring or discipline schemes that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas, as well as migrants from northern China. Baekje, an important regional power in the 4th century extended its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders at the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.
However the rule of his was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.